[ New edition 2007 ]

Table of contents

	List of Figures	xiii
	List of Tables	xix
	Foreword	xxi
	Preface to the First Edition	xxv
	Preface to the Second Edition	xxvii
	Acknowledgments	xxix
1	Open Source software and GIS	1
1.1	Open Source concept	1
1.2	GRASS as an Open Source GIS	3
1.3	How to read this book	4
2	GIS concepts	7
2.1	General GIS principles	7
2.1.1	Geospatial data models	7
2.1.2	Organization of GIS data	11
2.1.3	GIS functionality	12
2.2	Map projections and coordinate systems	13
2.2.1	Map projection principles	14
2.2.2	Common coordinate systems	17
2.2.3	North American and European Datums	20
3	Getting started with GRASS	23
3.1	First steps	23
3.1.1	Download and install GRASS	23
3.1.2	Database and command structure	25
3.1.3	Starting GRASS with demo database Spearfish	28
3.1.4	GRASS file and location management	31
3.2	Starting GRASS with a new project	34
3.2.1	Latitude-Longitude	35
3.2.2	Universal Transverse Mercator	39
3.2.3	State Plane	42
3.2.4	Non-georeferenced xy coordinate system	44
3.3	Coordinate system transformations	45
3.3.1	Coordinates lists	46
3.3.2	Map layers	48
3.3.3	Reprojecting with GDAL/OGR tools	49
4	GRASS data models and data exchange	53
4.1	Raster data	53
4.1.1	GRASS raster data model	53
4.1.2	Managing raster map resolution and boundaries	55
4.1.3	Import of georeferenced raster data	57
4.1.4	Import and geocoding of scanned maps	61
4.1.5	Export	67
4.2	Vector data	68
4.2.1	GRASS vector data model	68
4.2.2	Import of vector data	70
4.2.3	Export of vector data	78
4.3	Sites data	80
4.3.1	GRASS sites data model	80
4.3.2	Import of sites data	81
4.3.3	Export of sites data	83
5	Working with raster data	85
5.1	Viewing and managing raster map layers	85
5.1.1	Displaying raster data and assigning a color table	85
5.1.2	Raster map queries and profiles	87
5.1.3	Zooming and generating subsets from raster maps	88
5.1.4	Managing metadata of raster maps	90
5.1.5	Reclassification of raster maps	91
5.1.6	Assigning category labels	93
5.1.7	Masking and handling of no-data values	97
5.2	Raster map algebra	99
5.3	Raster data transformation and interpolation	105
5.3.1	Automated vectorization of discrete raster data	105
5.3.2	Generating isolines representing continuous fields	107
5.3.3	Raster data transformation to sites	108
5.3.4	Interpolation of raster data and resampling	108
5.3.5	Recoding of raster map types and value replacements	110
5.4	Spatial analysis with raster data	111
5.4.1	Map statistics and neighborhood analysis	111
5.4.2	Overlaying and merging raster maps	115
5.4.3	Buffering of raster features	118
5.4.4	Cost surfaces	120
5.4.5	DEM and watershed analysis	123
5.4.6	Landscape structure analysis and modeling	129
6	Working with Vector Data	131
6.1	Digitizing vector data	131
6.1.1	General principles for digitizing topological data	132
6.1.2	Digitizing in GRASS	133
6.2	Metadata and attributes management	139
6.2.1	Managing metadata of vector maps	140
6.2.2	Map attributes modifications	140
6.3	Viewing and analysis	141
6.3.1	Displaying vector map layers	141
6.3.2	Intersecting and clipping vector maps	142
6.3.3	Map reclassification	144
6.3.4	Feature extraction from vector data	145
6.4	Vector data transformations to/from raster and sites	145
6.4.1	Automatic vectorization of raster data	146
6.4.2	Direct transformation of vector data to raster or sites	147
6.4.3	Interpolating raster surfaces from contour lines	147
7	Working with site data	151
7.1	Creating site data	151
7.1.1	Digitizing site data	151
7.1.2	Generating site data within GRASS	152
7.2	Viewing and managing site data	154
7.2.1	Displaying site data and creating subsets	154
7.2.2	Computing basic statistics	156
7.3	Transformation from sites to rasters and spatial interpolation	157
7.3.1	Selecting an interpolation method	157
7.3.2	Interpolating with RST: tuning the parameters	160
7.3.3	Estimating accuracy	165
7.3.4	Interpolating large data sets	166
7.3.5	Surfaces with faults	171
7.3.6	Adding third variable: precipitation with elevation	171
7.3.7	Volume and volume-temporal interpolation	174
7.3.8	Geostatistics and splines	175
8	Graphical output and visualization	177
8.1	Two-dimensional display and animation	177
8.1.1	Displaying map layers using the GRASS monitor	177
8.1.2	Creating a 2D shaded elevation map	180
8.1.3	Monitor output to PNG and HTML files	181
8.1.4	Animations in 2D space	183
8.2	Visualization in 3D space with NVIZ	184
8.2.1	Viewing multiple map layers	184
8.2.2	Querying and analyzing data in nviz	189
8.2.3	Creating animations in 3D space	191
8.2.4	Visualizing volumes	195
8.3	Creating hardcopy maps	196
8.3.1	Map generation with ps.map	196
8.3.2	Map design with Xfig and Skencil	198
9	Satellite image processing	201
9.1	Remote sensing basics	201
9.1.1	Spectrum and remote sensing	201
9.1.2	Satellite sensors	203
9.2	Satellite data import and export	206
9.2.1	Import of raw and geocoded satellite data	206
9.2.2	Export of multi-channel data sets	209
9.3	Understanding a satellite data set	209
9.3.1	Managing channels and colors	209
9.3.2	The feature space and image groups	213
9.4	Geometric and radiometric preprocessing	215
9.4.1	Geometric preprocessing	215
9.4.2	Radiometric preprocessing	222
9.4.3	Application: Deriving a surface temperature map from thermal channel	228
9.5	Radiometric transformations and image enhancements	231
9.5.1	Image ratios	231
9.5.2	Principal Component Transformation	231
9.6	Geometric feature analysis	233
9.6.1	Matrix filter: Spatial convolution filtering	234
9.6.2	Edge detection	236
9.7	Image fusion	237
9.7.1	Introduction to RGB and IHS color model	237
9.7.2	RGB color composites	238
9.7.3	Image fusion with IHS transformation	239
9.7.4	Image fusion with Brovey transformation	241
9.8	Thematic reclassification of satellite data	242
9.8.1	Unsupervised radiometric reclassification	245
9.8.2	Supervised radiometric reclassification	248
9.8.3	Supervised SMAP reclassification	251
10	Processing of aerial photos	253
10.1	Brief introduction to aerial photogrammetry	253
10.2	From aerial photo to orthophoto	257
10.3	Orthophoto generation	257
10.3.1	Aerial photo and LOCATIONs preparation	258
10.3.2	Orthophoto generation from vertical aerial photos	260
10.3.3	Generating orthophotos from oblique aerial photos	266
10.4	Segmentation and pattern recognition for aerial images	268
11	Notes on GRASS programming	271
11.1	GRASS programming environment	271
11.1.1	GRASS source code	272
11.1.2	Methods of GRASS programming	273
11.1.3	Level of integration	273
11.2	Script programming	274
11.3	Automated usage of GRASS	280
11.4	Notes on programming GRASS modules in C	282
12	Using GRASS: Application Examples	289
12.1	Working with Digital Elevation Models: erosion risk assessment	289
12.1.1	Computation of the LS factor	290
12.1.2	Estimating R, K, and C factors	296
12.1.3	Computing and analyzing erosion risk	298
12.2	GIS modeling for land management	301
12.2.1	Building the GIS database	302
12.2.2	Deriving new map layers	308
12.2.3	Land use analysis, problems and solutions	316
13	Using GRASS with other Open Source tools	327
13.1	Geostatistics with GRASS and gstat	328
13.2	Spatial data analysis with GRASS and R	333
13.2.1	Spearfish data set analysis	335
13.2.2	Maas river bank soils data analysis	344
13.2.3	Using R in batch mode	352
13.3	GPS data handling	354
13.4	WebGIS applications with UMN/MapServer	356
Appendices		366
A	Using UNIX text tools for GIS data preparation	367
B	Selected equations used in GRASS modules	371
B.1	Basic Statistics	371
B.2	Interpolation	372
B.3	Topographic analysis	373
B.4	Insolation	378
C	UMN/MapServer sample configuration	383
C.1	UMN/MapServer definition file	383
C.2	UMN/MapServer HTML template	386
Index		389